The bottom page of the Answer Sheet provides scores for all 344 items. Responses are entered on a two-part carbonless Answer Sheet. The Antisocial Features scale includes a total of three facets: one assessing antisocial behaviors and the other two assessing antisocial traits.Ĭlients with 4th-grade reading skills can usually complete the PAI in less than 1 hour, rating each of the 344 items on a 4-point scale ranging from False, not at all true, to Very true. The Borderline Features scale is the only PAI scale that has four subscales, reflecting the factorial complexity of the construct. Both of these scales specifically assess character pathology. The PAI includes a Borderline Features scale and an Antisocial Features scale. A number of studies provide evidence that diagnostic groups differ on these dimensions. These axes provide a useful way of conceptualizing many different mental disorders: persons at the extremes of these dimensions may present with a variety of disorders.
The Interpersonal scales were developed to provide an assessment of the respondent's interpersonal style along two dimensions: a warmly affiliative versus a cold rejecting style, and a dominating/controlling versus a meekly submissive style. These five scales include two indicators of potential for harm to self or others, two measures of the respondent's environmental circumstances, and one indicator of the respondent's motivation for treatment. The Treatment scales were developed to provide indicators of potential complications in treatment that would not necessarily be apparent from diagnostic information. These 11 scales may be divided into three broad classes of disorders: those within the neurotic spectrum, those within the psychotic spectrum, and those associated with behavior disorder or impulse control problems. The PAI Clinical scales were developed to provide information about critical diagnostic features of 11 important clinical constructs. To facilitate interpretation and to cover the full range of complex clinical constructs, 10 scales contain conceptually derived subscales. The 344 PAI items constitute 22 nonoverlapping scales covering the constructs most relevant to a broad-based assessment of mental disorders: four validity scales, 11 clinical scales, five treatment scales, and two interpersonal scales.
Since its introduction, the PAI has been heralded as one of the most important innovations in the field of clinical assessment. This objective inventory of adult personality assesses psychopathological syndromes and provides information relevant for clinical diagnosis, treatment planning, and screening for psychopathology. With its revised Professional Manual, Profile Form Adults–Revised, and Critical Items Form–Revised, the PAI® continues to raise the standard for the assessment of adult psychopathology.
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